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Collision Detect (CD) If two or more LAN-attached hosts in the same CSMA/ CD network or collision domain begin transmitting at approximately the same time, the bit streams from the transmitting hosts will interfere (collide) with each other, and both transmissions will be unreadable. In our conference call analogy, two speakers have stepped on each other s conversation. If that happens, each transmitting host must be capable of detecting that a collision has occurred before it has finished sending its respective frame. Each host must stop transmitting as soon as it has detected the collision and then must wait a random length of time as determined by a back-off algorithm before attempting to retransmit the frame. In this event, each transmitting host will transmit a 32-bit jam signal alerting all LAN-attached hosts of a collision before running the back-off algorithm. The purpose of the jam signal is to ensure that all hosts have received notice of the collision. This process is depicted in Figure 3.18. All hosts constantly listen to the physical media ( carrier sense multiple access ). Host A determines that the line is not in use and begins transmitting. Hosts B, C, and D listen to Host A and do not transmit so that they can receive Host A s message.

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Figure 3.18 All hosts listen to the Ethernet media to detect a transmission. Once Host A starts transmitting, then other stations will detect it and will not attempt to transmit.

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All hosts constantly listen to the line. Host A transmits. Host B, C,and D listen to Host A and do not transmit. All hosts receive Host A s message.

catch (InterruptedException e) return ;

To return to our conference call analogy, this would translate into the following protocol: Listen until no one else is speaking; start speaking when you have something to say; if anyone else starts speaking when you do, then roll a dice and wait that number of seconds to start speaking again.

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The CSMA/CD protocol works reasonably well to reduce the chance of collisions and handle those that occur, but it does not and cannot prevent them. In Figure 3.19, both Hosts A and B could decide to transmit at once because no other hosts are transmitting a message on the line (idle line). When Host A and Host B transmit frames at the same time, they will both detect collision or corruption of the data. Both Host A and Host B will generate a jam signal, which will be received by other hosts so that they discard the data that was just corrupted by a collision. A random back-off timer is then started on the transmitting hosts (this is an attempt to ensure that the hosts don t try to retransmit at the same time). Afterward, either Host A or Host B will initiate a transmission after they detect no other transmission on the line.

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All hosts constantly listen to the line. Host A and Host B transmit simultaneously. Messages collide. Both hosts back-off for a random time interval.

To allow the application developer to test the application behavior in a simulated sensor network, a single-machine simulation and visualization mechanism was developed for ATaG. The simulation occurs in a decentralized manner with no global synchronization between the simulated nodes. A method of sending messages to the graphical visualization interface is provided to

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The astute reader will notice that while the CSMA/CD protocol may work well when you have only a few hosts on a network segment as depicted in our figures, it may not work so well when you have hundreds of hosts all busily attempting to transmit away. This is, in fact, correct, and large numbers of collisions were the bane of Ethernet network design for many years. Ethernet protocol designers searched for a way to reduce or eliminate collisions for Ethernet, and in the end they decided on an old solution that we have run into with ATM: Develop a switch that provides intelligence beyond that available with an Ethernet hub or long cable. One of the central capabilities that Ethernet switches provide is the ability for Ethernet hosts to communicate in Full-Duplex mode. Full-duplex operation is an optional MAC layer capability

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